Attitudes toward Dogs in Ancient Israel: A Reassessment

For the past half-century, many scholars have argued that the Israelites viewed dogs with contempt. They point to passages in the Old Testament that depict dogs as despicable creatures who should be avoided. Such a sentiment is puzzling in light of the widespread utilization and enjoyment of canines throughout the ancient Near East. A closer examination of these Old Testament texts reveals that, although the word ‭ כלב ‬ was often used pejoratively, dogs were not contemptible in Israelite society. In fact, Job 30.1 and Tob. 6.2 and 11.4 illustrate that they were valued for their services as sheepdogs, travel companions, guardians, and possibly pets.